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World Heart Day

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<h3 class="post-title entry-title">World Heart Day</h3><div class="post-header"><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-5992381497996771399"><div style="color: black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',sans-serif;">World Heart Day is celebrated annually on the last Sunday of September. World heart day encourages awareness of healthy heart. Heart disease and stroke are the world’s largest causes, claiming millions of lives every year.</span></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwHJCTbhfXKQ1WtXzq-2k-96RULh01aaWCcHZgAZwhV7P4Q6je78wT3FwCteDCW50HwsXJ8z170lFOxGpvM8I4AL0lhkM7c4I26HdZCDO2nb2DvnKGVYhpv7ZMep3lKKNhQADipPwwdhU/s1600/heart-day.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwHJCTbhfXKQ1WtXzq-2k-96RULh01aaWCcHZgAZwhV7P4Q6je78wT3FwCteDCW50HwsXJ8z170lFOxGpvM8I4AL0lhkM7c4I26HdZCDO2nb2DvnKGVYhpv7ZMep3lKKNhQADipPwwdhU/s400/heart-day.jpg" width="400" /></a></b></span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div style="color: black; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>World heart day<b> </b>began in 1999 in an effort to create awareness and educate risk factors for heart disease and stroke in the public to promote preventive measures. World heart day activities include public talks, free screenings, walks, runs, fitness events, scientific forums and exhibitions.</b></span></div><div style="color: black;"></div><div style="color: black; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',sans-serif;"></span></b></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><b>The theme of the world heart day</b> is to “Team Up For Healthy Hearts”. The aim of this day is to encourage people to join together and create heart-healthy communities.</b></span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',sans-serif;"></span></b></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Role of heart in daily life is: physically it beats 70 times per minute and plays an important role in body functions and mentally, it shows kindness, generosity and sympathy in nature.</b></span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',sans-serif;"></span></b></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>The causes of heart diseases and stroke in people include obesity, cigarette smoking and food habits. Lack of physical activity and improper diet can lead to obesity and it in turn increases the chances of heart disease. Intake of fatty and junk foods in large quantities also increases the risk of heart failures.</b></span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXqiG4ghh1srTCTSo7OMKIMMMFzWcLLJ_p0sd38dLUbP0EaTRBzJ8wSuhdvLsP0CBs94FKFUAsxauhqMpPA6g0DIjdz2dTy37Q-NsBnhMY5e8kaJm_3jsigBSC1dtYKzqVE-F8JHzyzL4/s1600/world-heart-day-2009.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="333" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXqiG4ghh1srTCTSo7OMKIMMMFzWcLLJ_p0sd38dLUbP0EaTRBzJ8wSuhdvLsP0CBs94FKFUAsxauhqMpPA6g0DIjdz2dTy37Q-NsBnhMY5e8kaJm_3jsigBSC1dtYKzqVE-F8JHzyzL4/s400/world-heart-day-2009.jpg" width="400" /></a></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; color: black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b></b></span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: center;"></div><div style="color: black; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><br />
</b></span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',sans-serif;"></span></b></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><b>Preventive measures</b> can reduce the risk of heart attacks and stroke. The American Heart Association (AHA) recommends:</b></span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',sans-serif;"></span></b></span></div><ul style="color: black; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: center;"><li><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>To develop policies that ensures access to screening and counseling services for heart disease and stroke risk factors</b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>To create worksite, school, and health care facility education programs</b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>To have access to healthy environments for physical activities and healthy foods</b></span></li>
</ul><div style="color: black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',sans-serif;"></span></b></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>The heart foundation advises all families to team up and talk about how to react when someone starts to experience warning signs of a heart attack.</b></span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',sans-serif;"></span></b></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Adopting a<b> healthy</b> <b>lifestyle</b> helps in maintaining a healthy heart and prevents heart attacks and strokes. Choose a healthy diet with lots of fresh fruits and vegetables, reduce the intake of saturated fats, avoid smoking, alcohol and be physically active.</b></span></div><div style="color: black; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',sans-serif;"></span></b></span></div><div style="color: black; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><b>Follow healthy lifestyle for a Healthy Heart.</b></b></span></div></div></div>

World Heart Day

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List of Indian Nobel Personalities

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<h3 class="post-title entry-title" style="font-size: 14px;">List of Indian Nobel Personalities</h3><div class="post-header" style="font-size: 14px;"><div class="post-header-line-1"></div></div><div class="post-body entry-content" id="post-body-2412166832667161405"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-size: 14px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPzJtaFM3syAunNkgQqLdMqPgOlJ8RE4Epn59DYFj_XJEbcOo2E68OihooMmS91fGyLHMc410rjKleXQj8cuJtSo-rss37MzYKfwzRvghZKOt8w2Tm78JuvCLG0sdGhtBiWTsuJJVjFJc/s1600/collage.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPzJtaFM3syAunNkgQqLdMqPgOlJ8RE4Epn59DYFj_XJEbcOo2E68OihooMmS91fGyLHMc410rjKleXQj8cuJtSo-rss37MzYKfwzRvghZKOt8w2Tm78JuvCLG0sdGhtBiWTsuJJVjFJc/s320/collage.jpg" width="287" /></a></span></div><div style="font-size: 14px; text-align: center;"><br />
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<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Abdul Ghaffar Khan            " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100129480813.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Abdul Ghaffar Khan</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">He was known as the 'Frontier Gandhi'. He was a nationalist Muslim leader of theNorth-West Frontier <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD12">Province</span>. He first started a militant organisation known asthe 'Red Shirt', and later on joined the non-violent Civil Disobedience Movementstarted by <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD1">Mahatma Gandhi</span>.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Acharya Vinoba Bhave          " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100133031016.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Acharya Vinoba Bhave</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">Saintly personality; had devoted his life to <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD9">social welfare</span>; founder of the Bhoodanmovement.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Amir Khusrau                  " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100133441040.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Amir Khusrau</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">Assumed 'Parrot of India', was a famous poet and author who wrote in poetry andprose and also composed music. He enjoyed the patronage of successive Sultans ofDelhi from Balban to Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq. He died in 1324-25. His works includeTughluqnamah and the Tarikh-i-Alai.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Anand Mohan Bose              " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100133871064.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Anand Mohan Bose</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">He was a prominent Indian public man in his times. He was <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD5">the first</span> Indian to bea<span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD10">Wrangler</span> of Cambridge <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD3">University</span> in 1873. He was the founder-secretary of theIndian Association which was established in Calcutta in 1876, and presided overthe 14th session of the Indian <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD7">National Congress</span> held in Ma</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Ashutosh Mukherjee            " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100134291088.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Ashutosh Mukherjee</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">He was an eminent <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD4">lawyer and</span> educationist. He was certainly a maker of modern Bengal,if not of India, by virtue of his eminent services to the cause of education. Atthe early age of 25 he became a member of the Senate of the Calcutta Universityof which he became the vice-chancellor.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Aurobindo Ghosh               " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100134711112.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Aurobindo Ghosh</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">An ardent nationalist who later became a saint, was educated in England. His viewswere readily accepted by Lala Lajpat Rai of Punjab and Bal Gangadhar Tilak of Maharashtraand led to the formation of an extremist school within the Congress.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Bal Gangadhar Tilak           " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100135131136.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Bal Gangadhar Tilak</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">Patriot and statesman, known as Lokmanya. He organised Extremist Party within theCongress with Lala Lajpat Rai and Bipin Chandra Pai. Britishers called him "Fatherof Indian Unrest". He gave the clarion call "Swaraj is my birth right". Tilak wasthe founder-editor of Mahratta (English) and Kesar</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Bhagat Singh                  " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100135551160.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Bhagat Singh</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">Known as Shahid-e-Azam. Founded Naujawan Bharat Sabha. Exploded bomb in CentralLegislative Assembly at Lahore on April 8, 1929. He was arrested and sentenced forlife. He along with Sukh Dev and Shivram Rajguru, was hanged on March 23, 1931 forparticipating in Lahore conspiracy.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Chakravarti Rajagopalachari   " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100135971184.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Chakravarti Rajagopalachari</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">A prominent Indian politician, born in South India in 1879. He was the General Secretaryof the Indian National Congress in 1921-22 and was a member of the Congress WorkingCommitee. Rajagopalachari was the Chief Minister of Madras from 1937-39.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Dadabhai Naoro Ji             " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100136391208.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Dadabhai Naoro Ji</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">He was elected president of the Indian National Congress at its second session heldin Calcutta in 1886. He was the first Indian to be elected a member of the Houseof Commons in England on a ticket of Liberal Party. Twice again, in 1893 and in1906, he was elected president of the INC.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Dr. B. R. Ambedkar            " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100136811232.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Dr. B. R. Ambedkar</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">A prominent leader of the Scheduled Castes. Built up a party of the untouchables,became a member of the Constitutent Assembly and piloted through it the Indian ConstitutionAct which declared India to be Republic. He also piloted the Hindu Code throughthe Indian Legislature.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Dr. Rajendra Prasad           " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100137281259.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Dr. Rajendra Prasad</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">He was the first President of the Republic of India. Born in Bihar in 1884, educatedat the Calcutta Universty, he began his career as an advocate and soon commandeda very large practice at Patna High Court. Prasad became the president of Congressin 1934, 1939 and 1947; a minister in Nehru's cabin</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Gopal Krishna Gokhale         " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100137841291.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Gopal Krishna Gokhale</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">He was a prominent Indian nationalist, and presided over the 1905 session of theIndian National Congress. In 1905 he founded at Poona the Servants of India Society.He died in 1915. He is considered as the 'Political Guru' of Gandhiji.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Govinda Ballabh Pant          " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100138491329.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Govinda Ballabh Pant</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">The celebrated Sanskrit grammarian, was the author of Ashtadhyayi. He was one ofthe leading members and leaders of the Indian National Congress. He became the ChiefMinister in his native province of Uttar Pradesh after independence.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar" src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100138921353.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">Social reformer and educationist from Bengal and a pioneer in the field of primaryeducation and widow re-marriage.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Jamshedji Tata                " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100139481385.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Jamshedji Tata</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">Parsi industrialist and philanthropist. Father of Indian industry, founded Tata,Iron and Steel Company in Bihar.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Lal Bahadur Shastri       " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100139991414.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Lal Bahadur Shastri</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">Prime Minister of India from May, 1964 to his death on 11 January, 1966. He wasconferred Bharat Ratna posthumously. He was a martyr for the cause of peace betweenIndia and Pakistan at Tashkent.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Lala Lajpat Rai               " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100140521445.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Lala Lajpat Rai</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">Indian national leader known as "Lion of Punjab". Founder editor of Bande Mataram,The Punjabeeand The People. Died of injuries caused by police lathi-charge whileleading a demonstration against Simon Commission at Lahore in 1928. Author of YoungIndia, The Arya Samaj and England's Debt to India.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi    " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100141251486.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">Better known as Mahatma Gandhi, was born on October 2, 1869 at Porbandar in Gujarat.Became a barrister-at-law (1891) in England. Went to South Africa in 1893. Stayedthere till 1914 for the cause of the emancipation of the Indians from the insultinglife.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Mrs.  Vijayalakshmi Pandit   " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100141791517.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Mrs. Vijayalakshmi Pandit</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">Born in 1900, was a talented daughter of Pandit Motilal Nehru. She held many highoffices after Indian independence including the post of India's High Commissionerin England (1955-61) and India's Ambassador to the U. S. S. R. as well as to theU. S. A.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Mrs. Annie Besant             " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100142321548.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Mrs. Annie Besant</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">English theosophist, bom in London in October 1847. She founded the Central HinduCollege at Banaras and was elected president of the Theosophical Society in 1907.In 1916 she founded the Indian Home Rule League and became its first president andin 1917.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Mrs. Sarojini Naldu           " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100142821576.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Mrs. Sarojini Naldu</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">The most talented Indian lady, born of Bengali parents, was a poet and orator whotook a prominent part in Indian politics. She presided over the Kanpur session ofthe Indian National Congress in 1925 and was the first lady to be appointed a stateGovernor in the Republic of India.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Netaji Subhash Bose        " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100143361607.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Netaji Subhash Bose</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">Popularly known as Netaji, was born on January 23, 1879, at Cuttack. He passed theIndian Civil Service <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD8">Examination</span> in 1920. He joined the Indian National Congressin 1921. In 1938 he was the president of the INC at its Haripura session and in1939 he was elected president of its Tripuri session.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru      " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100143811633.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">He was the first Prime Minister of Independent India and is known as the architectof modem India. He was born in Allahabad on Novemeber 14,1889. In 1928 be becamethe General Secretary of the Indian National Congress and in 1929 its President.At the Lahore session under his Presidentship was pass</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya    " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100144301661.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">A leading nationalist leader, prominent educationist and social reformer. Lateron joined the second session of the Indian National Congress held in 1886 and twicebecame its President in 1909 and 1918. His greatest achievement was the foundationin 1915 in Benaras of the Hindu University.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Pandit Motilal Nehru          " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100144851692.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Pandit Motilal Nehru</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">A renowned Indian patriot, was born on 6th May, 1861 in Delhi. He began his careeras a lawyer at the Allahabad High Court, joined the Indian National Movement andstarted a journal named The Independent' to support the cause of Indian Nationalism.Along with C. R. Das he formed the Swarajist Party</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Rabindranath Tagore           " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100145351721.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Rabindranath Tagore</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">Poet, novelist, patriot, educationist, essayist, painter and philosopher. He foundedShantiniketan (now Viswabharati University) in West Bengal. The first Asian to receiveNobel Prize in Literature (for Gitanjati in 1913), writer of National Anthems ofIndia and Bangladesh.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Ram Manohar Lohla             " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100145881751.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Ram Manohar Lohla</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">A social and political revolutionary, he founded the'Samajwadi Party' after differenceof opinion with the Congress.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Ramakrishna Paramhansa        " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100146381780.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Ramakrishna Paramhansa</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">He was a very great spiritual teacher of the Hindus in modern times. His two-noteworthydisciples were Keshavchandra Sen and Swami Vivekanand.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Rasbehari Basu                " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100146811804.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Rasbehari Basu</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">He was elected president of the Surat session of the Indian National Congress in1907 in which the Moderates and Extremists came to a serious clash. Next year hepresided over the Madras session of the INC.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel      " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100147231828.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">A renowned Indian patriot and politician, was born on the 31st, October, 1875 inGujarat and began his career as a lawyer. He took a leading part in the BardoliSatyagraha movement. In 1931 he became the president of the Congress. He joinedthe "interim Government" set up in 1946 as the Home Ministe</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Sarvapalli Radha Krishan      " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100147701855.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Sarvapalli Radha Krishan</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">The second President of the Republic of India. Radha Krishnan was appointed as India'sambassador to the USSR in 1949. In 1962 he became the President of India. His birthday,Sept 5, is celebrated as Teacher's Day.'</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Shaukat Ali                   " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100148281889.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Shaukat Ali</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">A prominent leader and politician amongst the Indian Muhammadans. He along withhis brother Muhammad All, led the Khilafat Movement in 1919-20. He also joined theIndian National Congress and the non-co-operation movement.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan         " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100148711913.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">He was a prominent leader of the Indian Muhammadans. Remained loyal to the Britishduring the Sepoy Mutiny (1857-58), founded the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental Collegeat Aligarh in 1875. In 1920 the college was raised to the status of University andcalled the Aligarh Muslim University.</span></td></tr>
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<tr style="background-color: #eff3fb;"><td><table><tbody>
<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Sister Nivedita               " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100149241943.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Sister Nivedita</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">A famous disciple of Swami Vivekananda, was an Irish lady named Miss Margaret Nobel.</span></td></tr>
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<tr style="background-color: white;"><td><table><tbody>
<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Swami Vivekananda             " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100149671968.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Swami Vivekananda</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">Disciple of Rama Krishna Paramahansa, and founder of Ramakrishna Mission at Belur.He championed the supremacy of Vedantic philosophy and his talk at the Chicago conferenceof world religions in 1893 made westerners realise the greatness of Hinduism forthe first time.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="V. D. C Savarkar              " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100150191998.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>V. D. C Savarkar</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">He founded Mitra Mandal aimed at achieving freedom by armed rebellion, founded AbhinavBharat, started Free Indian Society in England (London). Savarkar was arrested inNasik conspiracy case and sentenced to transportation for life and freed in 1937.He authored Indian War of Independence.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Wumesh Chandra Banerjee " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100150622022.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Wumesh Chandra Banerjee</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">The first president of the Indian National Congress held at Bombay in 1885. He wasmade Congress President a second time at its Allahabad session in 1892.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td rowspan="2"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="Zakir Hussain                 " src="http://www.doyouknow.in/Articles/images/201107210100151182054.png" /></span></td><td style="height: 10px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Zakir Hussain</b></span></td></tr>
<tr><td><span style="font-size: x-small;">Proposed Wardha Scheme of education, formerly Vice-Chancellor of Jamia Millia. Hewas elected as President of India in 1967.<br />
</span></td></tr>
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</tbody></table></div></div>

List of Indian Nobel Personalities

List of Indian Nobel Personalities Abdul Ghaffar Khan He was known as the 'Frontier Gandhi'. He was a nationalist Muslim leader of theNorth-West Frontier Province. He first started a militant organis…

Today google's 13th birthday Happy birthday to google

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTykgNodJ4BwKstALh2DKdWnMIdrRlBSl1lN5et4FGDmMtFelQX_PjP3G1xM9AMvWAXgfqQ1TRRZ518x14F1OHS8E9ZL_tVR7SwTjsFatLPYUKwgc0wvUKBpb-SRabPmr10cmSgiFdPCw/s1600/Googles_13th_Birthday-2011-hp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTykgNodJ4BwKstALh2DKdWnMIdrRlBSl1lN5et4FGDmMtFelQX_PjP3G1xM9AMvWAXgfqQ1TRRZ518x14F1OHS8E9ZL_tVR7SwTjsFatLPYUKwgc0wvUKBpb-SRabPmr10cmSgiFdPCw/s320/Googles_13th_Birthday-2011-hp.jpg" width="320" /></a></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b>It began</b> with an argument. When he first met Larry Page  in the summer of 1995, Sergey Brin was a second-year grad student in  the computer science department at Stanford University. Gregarious by  nature, Brin had volunteered as a guide of sorts for potential  first-years - students who had been admitted, but were still deciding  whether to attend. His duties included showing recruits the campus and  leading a tour of nearby San Francisco. Page, an engineering major from  the University of Michigan, ended up in Brin's group.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div>It was hardly love at first sight. Walking up and down the city's  hills that day, the two clashed incessantly, debating, among other  things, the value of various approaches to urban planning. "Sergey is  pretty social; he likes meeting people," Page recalls, contrasting that  quality with his own reticence. "I thought he was pretty obnoxious. He  had really strong opinions about things, and I guess I did, too." <br />
"We both found each other obnoxious," Brin counters when I tell him  of Page's response. "But we say it a little bit jokingly. Obviously we  spent a lot of time talking to each other, so there was something there.  We had a kind of bantering thing going." Page and Brin may have  clashed, but they were clearly drawn together - two swords sharpening  one another. <br />
When Page showed up at Stanford a few months later, he selected  human-computer interaction pioneer Terry Winograd as his adviser. Soon  thereafter he began searching for a topic for his doctoral thesis. It  was an important decision. As Page had learned from his father, a  computer science professor at Michigan State, a dissertation can frame  one's entire academic career. He kicked around 10 or so intriguing  ideas, but found himself attracted to the burgeoning World Wide Web. <br />
Page didn't start out looking for a better way to search the Web.  Despite the fact that Stanford alumni were getting rich founding  Internet companies, Page found the Web interesting primarily for its  mathematical characteristics. Each computer was a node, and each link on  a Web page was a connection between nodes - a classic graph structure.  "Computer scientists love graphs," Page tells me. The World Wide Web,  Page theorized, may have been the largest graph ever created, and it was  growing at a breakneck pace. Many useful insights lurked in its  vertices, awaiting discovery by inquiring graduate students. Winograd  agreed, and Page set about pondering the link structure of the Web.<br />
<b>Citations and Back Rubs</b><br />
It proved a productive  course of study. Page noticed that while it was trivial to follow links  from one page to another, it was nontrivial to discover links back. In  other words, when you looked at a Web page, you had no idea what pages  were linking back to it. This bothered Page. He thought it would be very  useful to know who was linking to whom. <br />
Why? To fully understand the answer to that question, a minor detour  into the world of academic publishing is in order. For professors -  particularly those in the hard sciences like mathematics and chemistry -  nothing is as important as getting published. Except, perhaps, being  cited. <br />
Academics build their papers on a carefully constructed foundation of  citation: Each paper reaches a conclusion by citing previously  published papers as proof points that advance the author's argument.  Papers are judged not only on their original thinking, but also on the  number of papers they cite, the number of papers that subsequently cite  them back, and the perceived importance of each citation. Citations are  so important that there's even a branch of science devoted to their  study: bibliometrics. <br />
Fair enough. So what's the point? Well, it was Tim Berners-Lee's  desire to improve this system that led him to create the World Wide Web.  And it was Larry Page and Sergey Brin's attempts to reverse engineer  Berners-Lee's World Wide Web that led to Google. The needle that threads  these efforts together is citation - the practice of pointing to other  people's work in order to build up your own.<br />
Which brings us back to the original research Page did on such backlinks, a project he came to call BackRub.<br />
He reasoned that the entire Web was loosely based on the premise of  citation - after all, what is a link but a citation? If he could divine a  method to count and qualify each backlink on the Web, as Page puts it  "the Web would become a more valuable place."<br />
At the time Page conceived of BackRub, the Web comprised an  estimated 10 million documents, with an untold number of links between  them. The computing resources required to crawl such a beast were well  beyond the usual bounds of a student project. Unaware of exactly what he  was getting into, Page began building out his crawler.<br />
The idea's complexity and scale lured Brin to the job. A polymath who  had jumped from project to project without settling on a thesis topic,  he found the premise behind BackRub fascinating. "I talked to lots of  research groups" around the school, Brin recalls, "and this was the most  exciting project, both because it tackled the Web, which represents  human knowledge, and because I liked Larry." <br />
<b>The Audacity of Rank</b><br />
In March 1996, Page pointed  his crawler at just one page - his homepage at Stanford - and let it  loose. The crawler worked outward from there.<br />
Crawling the entire Web to discover the sum of its links is a major  undertaking, but simple crawling was not where BackRub's true innovation  lay. Page was naturally aware of the concept of ranking in academic  publishing, and he theorized that the structure of the Web's graph would  reveal not just <i>who</i> was linking to whom, but more critically, the <i>importance</i>  of who linked to whom, based on various attributes of the site that was  doing the linking. Inspired by citation analysis, Page realized that a  raw count of links to a page would be a useful guide to that page's  rank. He also saw that each link needed its own ranking, based on the  link count of its originating page. But such an approach creates a  difficult and recursive mathematical challenge - you not only have to  count a particular page's links, you also have to count the links  attached to the links. The math gets complicated rather quickly.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Google Inc. is an American multinational public corporation invested in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_search" title="Internet search">Internet search</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a>, and advertising technologies. Google hosts and develops a number of Internet-based services and products,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-4">[5]</a></sup> and generates profit primarily from advertising through its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdWords" title="AdWords">AdWords</a> program.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-financialtables_5-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-financialtables-5">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-6">[7]</a></sup> The company was founded by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page" title="Larry Page">Larry Page</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin" title="Sergey Brin">Sergey Brin</a>, often dubbed the "Google Guys",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-7">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-8">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-9">[10]</a></sup> while the two were attending <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> as PhD candidates. It was first incorporated as a privately held company on September 4, 1998, and its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering" title="Initial public offering">initial public offering</a>  followed on August 19, 2004. At that time Larry Page, Sergey Brin, and  Eric Schmidt agreed to work together at Google for twenty years, until  the year 2024.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-10">[11]</a></sup>  The company's mission statement from the outset was "to organize the  world's information and make it universally accessible and useful",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-corporate_11-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-corporate-11">[12]</a></sup> and the company's unofficial slogan – coined by Google engineer Amit Patel<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-12">[13]</a></sup> and supported by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Buchheit" title="Paul Buchheit">Paul Buchheit</a> – is "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_be_evil" title="Don't be evil">Don't be evil</a>".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-13">[14]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-14">[15]</a></sup> In 2006, the company moved to its current headquarters in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California" title="Mountain View, California">Mountain View</a>, California.</b><br />
<b>It has been estimated that Google runs over one million servers in data centers around the world,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-15">[16]</a></sup> and processes over one billion search requests<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-16">[17]</a></sup> and about twenty-four <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petabyte" title="Petabyte">petabytes</a> of user-generated data every day.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-17">[18]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-18">[19]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-19">[20]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-20">[21]</a></sup>  Google's rapid growth since its incorporation has triggered a chain of  products, acquisitions, and partnerships beyond the company's core web  search engine. The company offers online productivity software, such as  its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail" title="Gmail">Gmail</a> email service, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networking" title="Social networking">social networking</a> tools, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkut" title="Orkut">Orkut</a> and, more recently, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Buzz" title="Google Buzz">Google Buzz</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%2B" title="Google+">Google+</a>. Google's products extend to the desktop as well, with applications such as the web browser <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picasa" title="Picasa">Picasa</a> photo organization and editing software, and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Talk" title="Google Talk">Google Talk</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a> application. Notably, Google leads the development of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> mobile <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>, used on a number of phones such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Droid" title="Motorola Droid">Motorola Droid</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy" title="Samsung Galaxy">Samsung Galaxy</a> smartphone series', as well as the new <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome_OS" title="Google Chrome OS">Google Chrome OS</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-21">[22]</a></sup> best known as the main operating system on the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr-48" title="Cr-48">Cr-48</a> and also, since 15 June 2011, on commercial <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromebook" title="Chromebook">Chromebooks</a> such as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Series_5" title="Samsung Series 5">Samsung Series 5</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-22">[23]</a></sup> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acer_AC700" title="Acer AC700">Acer AC700</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-23">[24]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa_Internet" title="Alexa Internet">Alexa</a>  lists the main U.S.-focused google.com site as the Internet's most  visited website, and numerous international Google sites  (google.co.in(14) is the most visited site in India, google.co.uk in the  U.K, etc.) are in the top hundred, as are several other Google-owned  sites such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> (Alexa:3), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blogger_%28service%29" title="Blogger (service)">Blogger</a> (Alexa:6), and Orkut.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-24">[25]</a></sup> Google also ranks number two in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrandZ" title="BrandZ">BrandZ</a> brand equity database.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-25">[26]</a></sup> The dominant market position of Google's services has led to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Google" title="Criticism of Google">criticism of the company</a> over issues including privacy, copyright, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_by_Google" title="Censorship by Google">censorship</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-26">[27]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-gatekeepers_27-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-gatekeepers-27">[28]</a></sup></b><br />
<table class="toc" id="toc"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctoggle"><b>[<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</b></span></div><ul><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> </b><ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Financing_and_initial_public_offering"><b><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Financing and initial public offering</span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Growth"><b><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Growth</span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Acquisitions_and_partnerships"><b><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Acquisitions and partnerships</span></b></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Products_and_services"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Products and services</span></a> </b><ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Advertising"><b><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Advertising</span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Search_engine"><b><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Search engine</span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Productivity_tools"><b><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Productivity tools</span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Enterprise_products"><b><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Enterprise products</span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Other_products"><b><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Other products</span></b></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Corporate_affairs_and_culture"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Corporate affairs and culture</span></a> </b><ul><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Employees"><b><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Employees</span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Googleplex"><b><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Googleplex</span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Easter_eggs_and_April_Fools.27_Day_jokes"><b><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Easter eggs and April Fools' Day jokes</span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Philanthropy"><b><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Philanthropy</span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Network_neutrality"><b><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Network neutrality</span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#Privacy"><b><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Privacy</span></b></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#See_also"><b><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#References"><b><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></b></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#External_links"><b><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></b></a></li>
</ul></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"><b>Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Google" title="History of Google">History of Google</a></b></div><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><b><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Google1998.png"><img alt="Google's homepage in 1998" class="thumbimage" height="122" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b7/Google1998.png/220px-Google1998.png" width="220" /></a> </b><br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Google1998.png" title="Enlarge"><b><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></b></a></div><b> Google's original homepage had a simple design since its founders were not experienced in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, the language for designing web pages.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-28">[29]</a></sup></b></div></div></div><b>Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and  Sergey Brin when they were both PhD students at Stanford University in  California.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-milestones_29-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-milestones-29">[30]</a></sup></b><br />
<b>While conventional search engines ranked results by counting how many  times the search terms appeared on the page, the two theorized about a  better system that analyzed the relationships between websites.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-30">[31]</a></sup> They called this new technology <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PageRank" title="PageRank">PageRank</a>,  where a website's relevance was determined by the number of pages, and  the importance of those pages, that linked back to the original site.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-31">[32]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-32">[33]</a></sup></b><br />
<b>A small search engine called "RankDex" from IDD Information Services designed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Li" title="Robin Li">Robin Li</a> was, since 1996, already exploring a similar strategy for site-scoring and page ranking.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-33">[34]</a></sup> The technology in RankDex would be patented<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-34">[35]</a></sup> and used later when Li founded <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a> in China.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-35">[36]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-36">[37]</a></sup></b><br />
<b>Page and Brin originally nicknamed their new search engine "BackRub", because the system checked <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backlink" title="Backlink">backlinks</a> to estimate the importance of a site.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-37">[38]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-38">[39]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-39">[40]</a></sup></b><br />
<b>Eventually, they changed the name to Google, originating from a misspelling of the word "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googol" title="Googol">googol</a>",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-40">[41]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-41">[42]</a></sup>  the number one followed by one hundred zeros, which was picked to  signify that the search engine wants to provide large quantities of  information for people.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-42">[43]</a></sup> Originally, Google ran under the Stanford University website, with the domain <i>google.stanford.edu</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-43">[44]</a></sup></b><br />
<b>The domain name for Google was registered on September 15, 1997,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-44">[45]</a></sup> and the company was incorporated on September 4, 1998. It was based in a friend's (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Wojcicki" title="Susan Wojcicki">Susan Wojcicki</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-milestones_29-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-milestones-29">[30]</a></sup>) garage in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California" title="Menlo Park, California">Menlo Park</a>, California. Craig Silverstein, a fellow PhD student at Stanford, was hired as the first employee.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-milestones_29-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-milestones-29">[30]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-45">[46]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-46">[47]</a></sup></b><br />
<b>In May 2011, unique visitors of Google surpassed 1 billion mark for  the first time, an 8.4 percent increase from a year ago with 931 million  unique visitors.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-47">[48]</a></sup></b><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Financing_and_initial_public_offering">Financing and initial public offering</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><b><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Google%E2%80%99s_First_Production_Server.jpg"><img alt="Google's first servers, showing lots of exposed wiring and circuit boards" class="thumbimage" height="364" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Google%E2%80%99s_First_Production_Server.jpg/220px-Google%E2%80%99s_First_Production_Server.jpg" width="220" /></a> </b><br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Google%E2%80%99s_First_Production_Server.jpg" title="Enlarge"><b><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></b></a></div><b> The first iteration of Google production servers was built with inexpensive hardware<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-48">[49]</a></sup></b></div></div></div><b>The first funding for Google was an August 1998 contribution of <span style="white-space: nowrap;">US$100,000</span> from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Bechtolsheim" title="Andy Bechtolsheim">Andy Bechtolsheim</a>, co-founder of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>, given before Google was even incorporated.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bechtolsheim_49-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Bechtolsheim-49">[50]</a></sup>  Early in 1999, while still graduate students, Brin and Page decided  that the search engine they had developed was taking up too much of  their time from academic pursuits. They went to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excite" title="Excite">Excite</a> CEO George Bell and offered to sell it to him for $1 million. He rejected the offer, and later criticized <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinod_Khosla" title="Vinod Khosla">Vinod Khosla</a>,  one of Excite's venture capitalists, after he had negotiated Brin and  Page down to $750,000. On June 7, 1999, a $25 million round of funding  was announced,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-50">[51]</a></sup> with major investors including the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">venture capital</a> firms <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleiner_Perkins_Caufield_%26_Byers" title="Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers">Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_Capital" title="Sequoia Capital">Sequoia Capital</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bechtolsheim_49-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Bechtolsheim-49">[50]</a></sup></b><br />
<b>Google's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering" title="Initial public offering">initial public offering</a> (IPO) took place five years later on August 19, 2004. The company offered 19,605,052 shares at a price of $85 per share.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IPO_51-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-IPO-51">[52]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-52">[53]</a></sup> Shares were sold in a unique online auction format using a system built by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Stanley" title="Morgan Stanley">Morgan Stanley</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_Suisse" title="Credit Suisse">Credit Suisse</a>, underwriters for the deal.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-53">[54]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-54">[55]</a></sup> The sale of $1.67 billion gave Google a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_capitalization" title="Market capitalization">market capitalization</a> of more than $23 billion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-washpost_55-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-washpost-55">[56]</a></sup>  The vast majority of the 271 million shares remained under the control  of Google, and many Google employees became instant paper millionaires. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo%21" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a>, a competitor of Google, also benefited because it owned 8.4 million shares of Google before the IPO took place.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-yahooshares_56-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-yahooshares-56">[57]</a></sup></b><br />
<b>Some people speculated that Google's IPO would inevitably lead to  changes in company culture. Reasons ranged from shareholder pressure for  employee benefit reductions to the fact that many company executives  would become instant paper millionaires.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-57">[58]</a></sup>  As a reply to this concern, co-founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page  promised in a report to potential investors that the IPO would not  change the company's culture.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-58">[59]</a></sup> In 2005, however, articles in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> and other sources began suggesting that Google had lost its anti-corporate, no evil philosophy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-59">[60]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-60">[61]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-61">[62]</a></sup>  In an effort to maintain the company's unique culture, Google  designated a Chief Culture Officer, who also serves as the Director of  Human Resources. The purpose of the Chief Culture Officer is to develop  and maintain the culture and work on ways to keep true to the core  values that the company was founded on: a flat organization with a  collaborative environment.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-CCO_62-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-CCO-62">[63]</a></sup> Google has also faced allegations of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">ageism</a> from former employees.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-63">[64]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-64">[65]</a></sup></b><br />
<b>The stock's performance after the IPO went well, with shares hitting $700 for the first time on October 31, 2007,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-65">[66]</a></sup> primarily because of strong sales and earnings in the online advertising market.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bowlingforgoogle_66-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-bowlingforgoogle-66">[67]</a></sup> The surge in stock price was fueled mainly by individual investors, as opposed to large institutional investors and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_fund" title="Mutual fund">mutual funds</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bowlingforgoogle_66-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-bowlingforgoogle-66">[67]</a></sup> The company is now listed on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASDAQ" title="NASDAQ">NASDAQ</a> stock exchange under the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticker_symbol" title="Ticker symbol">ticker symbol</a> GOOG and under the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Stock_Exchange" title="Frankfurt Stock Exchange">Frankfurt Stock Exchange</a> under the ticker symbol GGQ1.</b><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Growth">Growth</span></h3><b>In March 1999, the company moved its offices to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto, California</a>, home to several other noted <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a> technology startups.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-165univave_67-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-165univave-67">[68]</a></sup> The next year, against Page and Brin's initial opposition toward an advertising-funded search engine,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-68">[69]</a></sup> Google began selling advertisements associated with search keywords.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-milestones_29-3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-milestones-29">[30]</a></sup>  In order to maintain an uncluttered page design and increase speed,  advertisements were solely text-based. Keywords were sold based on a  combination of price bids and click-throughs, with bidding starting at  five cents per click.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-milestones_29-4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-milestones-29">[30]</a></sup> This model of selling keyword advertising was first pioneered by Goto.com, an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idealab" title="Idealab">Idealab</a> spin-off created by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gross" title="Bill Gross">Bill Gross</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-goto_strong_69-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-goto_strong-69">[70]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cnet_p4p_70-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-cnet_p4p-70">[71]</a></sup>  When the company changed names to Overture Services, it sued Google  over alleged infringements of the company's pay-per-click and bidding  patents. Overture Services would later be bought by Yahoo! and renamed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo%21_Search_Marketing" title="Yahoo! Search Marketing">Yahoo! Search Marketing</a>.  The case was then settled out of court, with Google agreeing to issue  shares of common stock to Yahoo! in exchange for a perpetual license.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-71"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-71">[72]</a></sup></b><br />
<b>During this time, Google was granted a patent describing its PageRank mechanism.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-patent_72-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-patent-72">[73]</a></sup>  The patent was officially assigned to Stanford University and lists  Lawrence Page as the inventor. In 2003, after outgrowing two other  locations, the company leased its current office complex from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Graphics" title="Silicon Graphics">Silicon Graphics</a> at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California" title="Mountain View, California">Mountain View, California</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sgibldg_73-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-sgibldg-73">[74]</a></sup> The complex has since come to be known as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googleplex" title="Googleplex">Googleplex</a>, a play on the word <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googolplex" title="Googolplex">googolplex</a>, the number one followed by a googol zeroes. Three years later, Google would buy the property from SGI for $319 million.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-googleplexpurchase_74-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-googleplexpurchase-74">[75]</a></sup> By that time, the name "Google" had found its way into everyday language, causing the verb "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_%28verb%29" title="Google (verb)">google</a>" to be added to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>, denoted as "to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-75">[76]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-76"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-76">[77]</a></sup></b><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Acquisitions_and_partnerships">Acquisitions and partnerships</span></h3><div class="rellink boilerplate seealso"><b>See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acquisitions_by_Google" title="List of acquisitions by Google">List of acquisitions by Google</a></b></div><b>Since 2001, Google has acquired many companies, mainly focusing on small venture capital companies. In 2004, Google acquired <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyhole,_Inc" title="Keyhole, Inc">Keyhole, Inc</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-77"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-77">[78]</a></sup> The start-up company developed a product called Earth Viewer that gave a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3-D</a> view of the Earth. Google renamed the service to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Google Earth</a> in 2005. Two years later, Google bought the online video site YouTube for $1.65 billion in stock.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-78"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-78">[79]</a></sup> On April 13, 2007, Google reached an agreement to acquire <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoubleClick" title="DoubleClick">DoubleClick</a> for $3.1 billion, giving Google valuable relationships that DoubleClick had with Web publishers and advertising agencies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-DoubleClicknyt_79-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-DoubleClicknyt-79">[80]</a></sup> Later that same year, Google purchased <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GrandCentral" title="GrandCentral">GrandCentral</a> for $50 million.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-80"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-80">[81]</a></sup> The site would later be changed over to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Voice" title="Google Voice">Google Voice</a>.  On August 5, 2009, Google bought out its first public company,  purchasing video software maker On2 Technologies for $106.5 million.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-81"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-81">[82]</a></sup> Google also acquired <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardvark_%28search_engine%29" title="Aardvark (search engine)">Aardvark</a>,  a social network search engine, for $50 million, and commented on its  internal blog, "we're looking forward to collaborating to see where we  can take it".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-82"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-82">[83]</a></sup> In April 2010, Google announced it had acquired a hardware startup, Agnilux.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-83"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-83">[84]</a></sup></b><br />
<b>In addition to the many companies Google has purchased, the company  has partnered with other organizations for everything from research to  advertising. In 2005, Google partnered with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ames_Research_Center" title="Ames Research Center">Ames Research Center</a> to build 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 m<sup>2</sup>) of offices.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nasaames_84-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-nasaames-84">[85]</a></sup> The offices would be used for research projects involving large-scale data management, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">distributed computing</a>, and the entrepreneurial space industry. Google entered into a partnership with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> in October 2005 to help share and distribute each other's technologies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-googlesun_85-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-googlesun-85">[86]</a></sup> The company also partnered with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Warner" title="Time Warner">Time Warner</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-googleaol_86-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-googleaol-86">[87]</a></sup> to enhance each other's video search services. Google's 2005 partnerships also included financing the new <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.mobi" title=".mobi">.mobi</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">top-level domain</a> for mobile devices, along with other companies including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-87"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-87">[88]</a></sup> Google would later launch "Adsense for Mobile", taking advantage of the emerging mobile advertising market.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-adsense_mobile_88-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-adsense_mobile-88">[89]</a></sup> Increasing its advertising reach even further, Google and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Corp._Digital_Media" title="News Corp. Digital Media">Fox Interactive Media</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Corporation" title="News Corporation">News Corporation</a> entered into a $900 million agreement to provide search and advertising on popular social networking site MySpace.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-googlemyspace_89-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-googlemyspace-89">[90]</a></sup></b><br />
<b>In October 2006, Google announced that it had acquired the  video-sharing site YouTube for US$1.65 billion in Google stock, and the  deal was finalized on November 13, 2006.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-90">[91]</a></sup> Google does not provide detailed figures for YouTube's running costs, and YouTube's revenues in 2007 were noted as "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiality_%28auditing%29" title="Materiality (auditing)">not material</a>" in a regulatory filing.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Moneyclip_91-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Moneyclip-91">[92]</a></sup> In June 2008, a <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i> magazine article projected the 2008 YouTube revenue at US$200 million, noting progress in advertising sales.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Forbes08_92-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Forbes08-92">[93]</a></sup> In 2007, Google began sponsoring <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NORAD_Tracks_Santa" title="NORAD Tracks Santa">NORAD Tracks Santa</a>, a service that follows Santa Claus' progress on Christmas Eve,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Tracking_Santa:_NORAD_.26_Google_Team_Up_For_Christmas.2C_Dec_1.2C_2007.2C_Danny_Sullivan_93-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Tracking_Santa:_NORAD_.26_Google_Team_Up_For_Christmas.2C_Dec_1.2C_2007.2C_Danny_Sullivan-93">[94]</a></sup> using Google Earth to "track Santa" in 3-D for the first time,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Behind_the_scenes:_NORAD.27s_Santa_tracker_for_Thur.2C_Dec_21.2C_2009_By_Daniel_Terdiman.2C_CNET_94-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Behind_the_scenes:_NORAD.27s_Santa_tracker_for_Thur.2C_Dec_21.2C_2009_By_Daniel_Terdiman.2C_CNET-94">[95]</a></sup> and displacing former sponsor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a>. Google-owned YouTube gave NORAD Tracks Santa its own channel.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Instructions_On_Tracking_Santa_With_NORAD_.26_Google:_The_2007_Edition.2C_Dec_24.2C_2007.2C_Danny_Sullivan_95-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Instructions_On_Tracking_Santa_With_NORAD_.26_Google:_The_2007_Edition.2C_Dec_24.2C_2007.2C_Danny_Sullivan-95">[96]</a></sup></b><br />
<b>In 2008, Google developed a partnership with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoEye" title="GeoEye">GeoEye</a>  to launch a satellite providing Google with high-resolution (0.41 m  monochrome, 1.65 m color) imagery for Google Earth. The satellite was  launched from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base" title="Vandenberg Air Force Base">Vandenberg Air Force Base</a> on September 6, 2008.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-96"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-96">[97]</a></sup> Google also announced in 2008 that it was hosting an archive of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Magazine" title="Life Magazine">Life Magazine</a>'s photographs as part of its latest partnership. Some of the images in the archive were never published in the magazine.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-97"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-97">[98]</a></sup> The photos were <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermark" title="Watermark">watermarked</a> and originally had copyright notices posted on all photos, regardless of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> status.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-98"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-98">[99]</a></sup></b><br />
<b>In 2010, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Energy" title="Google Energy">Google Energy</a>  made its first investment in a renewable-energy project, putting  $38.8 million into two wind farms in North Dakota. The company announced  the two locations will generate 169.5 megawatts of power, or enough to  supply 55,000 homes. The farms, which were developed by NextEra Energy  Resources, will reduce fossil fuel use in the region and return profits.  NextEra Energy Resources sold Google a twenty percent stake in the  project to get funding for its development.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-99"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-99">[100]</a></sup>  Also in 2010, Google purchased Global IP Solutions, a Norway-based  company that provides web-based teleconferencing and other related  services. This acquisition will enable Google to add telephone-style  services to its list of products.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-100"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-100">[101]</a></sup>  On May 27, 2010, Google announced it had also closed the acquisition of  the mobile ad network AdMob. This purchase occurred days after the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> closed its investigation into the purchase.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-101"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-101">[102]</a></sup> Google acquired the company for an undisclosed amount.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-102"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-102">[103]</a></sup> In July 2010, Google signed an agreement with an Iowa wind farm to buy 114 megawatts of energy for 20 years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-wind_energy_103-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-wind_energy-103">[104]</a></sup></b><br />
<b>On April 4, 2011, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i> reported that Google bid $900 million for six thousand <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortel_Networks" title="Nortel Networks">Nortel Networks</a> patents.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-104"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-104">[105]</a></sup></b><br />
<b>On August 15, 2011, Google announced that it would acquire <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_Mobility" title="Motorola Mobility">Motorola Mobility</a> for $12.5 billion<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-105"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-105">[106]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-106"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-106">[107]</a></sup>  subject to approval from regulators in the United States and Europe. In  a post on Google's blog, Google Chief Executive and co-founder Larry  Page revealed that Google's acquisition of Motorola Mobility is a  strategic move to strengthen Google's patent portfolio. The company's  Android operating system has come under fire in an industry-wide patent  battle, as Apple and Microsoft have taken to court Android device makers  such as HTC, Samsung and Motorola.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-appleinsider1_107-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-appleinsider1-107">[108]</a></sup>  This purchase was made in part to help Google gain Motorola's  considerable patent portfolio on mobile phones and wireless technologies  to help protect it in its ongoing patent disputes with other companies,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-supercharging_android_108-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-supercharging_android-108">[109]</a></sup> mainly <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-appleinsider1_107-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-appleinsider1-107">[108]</a></sup> and to allow it to continue to freely offer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cnet_109-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-cnet-109">[110]</a></sup></b><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Products_and_services">Products and services</span></h2><div class="rellink boilerplate seealso"><b>See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products" title="List of Google products">List of Google products</a></b></div><h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Advertising">Advertising</span></h3><b>Ninety-nine percent of Google's revenue is derived from its advertising programs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-110"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-110">[111]</a></sup>  For the 2006 fiscal year, the company reported $10.492 billion in total  advertising revenues and only $112 million in licensing and other  revenues.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10-K_111-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-10-K-111">[112]</a></sup>  Google has implemented various innovations in the online advertising  market that helped make it one of the biggest brokers in the market.  Using technology from the company <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoubleClick" title="DoubleClick">DoubleClick</a>,  Google can determine user interests and target advertisements so they  are relevant to their context and the user that is viewing them.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-112"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-112">[113]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-113"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-113">[114]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Analytics" title="Google Analytics">Google Analytics</a>  allows website owners to track where and how people use their website,  for example by examining click rates for all the links on a page.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-114"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-114">[115]</a></sup> Google advertisements can be placed on third-party websites in a two-part program. Google's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdWords" title="AdWords">AdWords</a>  allows advertisers to display their advertisements in the Google  content network, through either a cost-per-click or cost-per-view  scheme. The sister service, Google <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdSense" title="AdSense">AdSense</a>, allows website owners to display these advertisements on their website, and earn money every time ads are clicked.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AdSense_115-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-AdSense-115">[116]</a></sup></b><br />
<b>One of the disadvantages and criticisms of this program is Google's inability to combat <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Click_fraud" title="Click fraud">click fraud</a>,  when a person or automated script "clicks" on advertisements without  being interested in the product, which causes that advertiser to pay  money to Google unduly. Industry reports in 2006 claim that  approximately 14 to 20 percent of clicks were in fact fraudulent or  invalid.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-116"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-116">[117]</a></sup>  Furthermore, there has been controversy over Google's "search within a  search", where a secondary search box enables the user to find what they  are looking for within a particular website. It was soon reported that  when performing a search within a search for a specific company,  advertisements from competing and rival companies often showed up along  with those results, drawing users away from the site they were  originally searching.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-117"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-117">[118]</a></sup> Another complaint against Google's advertising is its censorship of advertisers, though many cases concern compliance with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a>. For example, in February 2003, Google stopped showing the advertisements of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceana_%28non-profit_group%29" title="Oceana (non-profit group)">Oceana</a>,  a non-profit organization protesting a major cruise ship's sewage  treatment practices. Google cited its editorial policy at the time,  stating "Google does not accept advertising if the ad or site advocates  against other individuals, groups, or organizations."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-118"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-118">[119]</a></sup> The policy was later changed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-119"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-119">[120]</a></sup>  In June 2008, Google reached an advertising agreement with Yahoo!,  which would have allowed Yahoo! to feature Google advertisements on its  web pages. The alliance between the two companies was never completely  realized due to <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust" title="Antitrust">antitrust</a> concerns by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice" title="U.S. Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a>. As a result, Google pulled out of the deal in November 2008.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-120"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-120">[121]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-121"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-121">[122]</a></sup></b><br />
<b>In an attempt to advertise its own products, Google launched a website called <a class="external text" href="http://www.demoslam.com/" rel="nofollow">Demo Slam</a>, developed to demonstrate <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tech_demo" title="Tech demo">technology demos</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Google_products" title="List of Google products">Google Products</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-122"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-122">[123]</a></sup>  Each week, two teams compete at putting Google's technology into new  contexts. Search Engine Journal said Demo Slam is "a place where  creative and tech-savvy people can create videos to help the rest of the  world understand all the newest and greatest technology out there."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-123"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-123">[124]</a></sup></b><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Search_engine">Search engine</span></h3><div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><b><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Google_web_search.png"><img alt="Google's homepage in 2010" class="thumbimage" height="115" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Google_web_search.png/220px-Google_web_search.png" width="220" /></a> </b><br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Google_web_search.png" title="Enlarge"><b><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></b></a></div><b> In 2011, Google updated its homepage with a new brighter logo and a black navigation bar.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-124"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-124">[125]</a></sup></b></div></div></div><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google Search</a>, a web search engine, is the company's most popular service. According to market research published by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ComScore" title="ComScore">comScore</a> in November 2009, Google is the dominant search engine in the United States market, with a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_share" title="Market share">market share</a> of 65.6%.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-comscore_125-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-comscore-125">[126]</a></sup> Google indexes billions<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-126"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-126">[127]</a></sup>  of web pages, so that users can search for the information they desire,  through the use of keywords and operators. Despite its popularity, it  has received criticism from a number of organizations. In 2003, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> complained about Google's indexing, claiming that Google's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache" title="Cache">caching</a> of content on its site infringed its copyright for the content.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-127"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-127">[128]</a></sup> In this case, the United States District Court of Nevada ruled in favor of Google in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_v._Google" title="Field v. Google">Field v. Google</a></i> and <i>Parker v. Google</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-128"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-128">[129]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-129"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-129">[130]</a></sup> Furthermore, the publication <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2600:_The_Hacker_Quarterly" title="2600: The Hacker Quarterly">2600: The Hacker Quarterly</a> has compiled a list of words that the web giant's new <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Instant" title="Google Instant">instant search feature</a> will not search.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-130"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-130">[131]</a></sup>  Google Watch has also criticized Google's PageRank algorithms, saying  that they discriminate against new websites and favor established sites,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-131"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-131">[132]</a></sup> and has made allegations about connections between Google and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">NSA</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sptimes_132-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-sptimes-132">[133]</a></sup>  Despite criticism, the basic search engine has spread to specific  services as well, including an image search engine, the Google News  search site, Google Maps, and more. In early 2006, the company launched  Google Video, which allowed users to upload, search, and watch videos  from the Internet.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-video2006_133-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-video2006-133">[134]</a></sup>  In 2009, however, uploads to Google Video were discontinued so that  Google could focus more on the search aspect of the service.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-134"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-134">[135]</a></sup> The company even developed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Desktop" title="Google Desktop">Google Desktop</a>,  a desktop search application used to search for files local to one's  computer. Google's most recent development in search is its partnership  with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">United States Patent and Trademark Office</a> to create Google Patents, which enables free access to information about patents and trademarks.</b><br />
<b>One of the more controversial search services Google hosts is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.  The company began scanning books and uploading limited previews, and  full books where allowed, into its new book search engine. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authors_Guild" title="Authors Guild">Authors Guild</a>,  a group that represents 8,000 U.S. authors, filed a class action suit  in a New York City federal court against Google in 2005 over this new  service. Google replied that it is in compliance with all existing and  historical applications of copyright laws regarding books.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-135"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-135">[136]</a></sup> Google eventually reached a revised settlement in 2009 to limit its scans to books from the U.S., the UK, Australia and Canada.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-136"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-136">[137]</a></sup> Furthermore, the Paris Civil Court ruled against Google in late 2009, asking it to remove the works of La Martinière (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_du_Seuil" title="Éditions du Seuil">Éditions du Seuil</a>) from its database.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Smith_137-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Smith-137">[138]</a></sup> In competition with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a>, Google plans to sell digital versions of new books.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-138"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-138">[139]</a></sup> On July 21, 2010, in response to newcomer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing" title="Bing">Bing</a>, Google updated its image search to display a streaming sequence of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumbnails" title="Thumbnails">thumbnails</a>  that enlarge when pointed at. Though web searches still appear in a  batch per page format, on July 23, 2010, dictionary definitions for  certain English words began appearing above the linked results for web  searches.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-139"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-139">[140]</a></sup> Google's algorithm was changed in March 2011, giving more weight to high-quality content<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-140"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-140">[141]</a></sup> possibly by the use of n-grams to remove spun content.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-141"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-141">[142]</a></sup></b><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Productivity_tools">Productivity tools</span></h3><b>In addition to its standard web search services, Google has released  over the years a number of online productivity tools. Gmail, a free  webmail service provided by Google, was launched as an invitation-only <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#Beta" title="Software release life cycle">beta program</a> on April 1, 2004,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GmailCashmore_142-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-GmailCashmore-142">[143]</a></sup> and became available to the general public on February 7, 2007.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-143"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-143">[144]</a></sup> The service was upgraded from beta status on July 7, 2009,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-appsoutofbeta_144-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-appsoutofbeta-144">[145]</a></sup> at which time it had 146 million users monthly.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-145"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-145">[146]</a></sup> The service would be the first online email service with one <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">gigabyte</a> of storage, and the first to keep emails from the same conversation together in one thread, similar to an Internet forum.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-GmailCashmore_142-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-GmailCashmore-142">[143]</a></sup> The service currently offers over 7400 MB of free storage with additional storage ranging from 20 GB to 16 TB available for <span style="white-space: nowrap;">US$0.25</span> per 1 GB per year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-146"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-146">[147]</a></sup> Furthermore, software developers know Gmail for its pioneering use of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJAX" title="AJAX">AJAX</a>, a programming technique that allows web pages to be interactive without refreshing the browser.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-147"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-147">[148]</a></sup> One criticism of Gmail has been the potential for data disclosure, a risk associated with many online web applications. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Ballmer" title="Steve Ballmer">Steve Ballmer</a> (Microsoft's CEO),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-148"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-148">[149]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Figueroa" title="Liz Figueroa">Liz Figueroa</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-149"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-149">[150]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Rasch" title="Mark Rasch">Mark Rasch</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-150"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-150">[151]</a></sup> and the editors of Google Watch<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-151"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-151">[152]</a></sup>  believe the processing of email message content goes beyond proper use,  but Google claims that mail sent to or from Gmail is never read by a  human being beyond the account holder, and is only used to improve  relevance of advertisements.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-152"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-152">[153]</a></sup></b><br />
<b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Docs" title="Google Docs">Google Docs</a>,  another part of Google's productivity suite, allows users to create,  edit, and collaborate on documents in an online environment, not  dissimilar to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Word" title="Microsoft Word">Microsoft Word</a>.  The service was originally called Writely, but was obtained by Google  on March 9, 2006, where it was released as an invitation-only preview.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-153"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-153">[154]</a></sup> On June 6 after the acquisition, Google created an experimental spreadsheet editing program,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-154"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-154">[155]</a></sup> which would be combined with Google Docs on October 10.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-155"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-155">[156]</a></sup> A program to edit presentations would complete the set on September 17, 2007,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-156"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-156">[157]</a></sup>  before all three services were taken out of beta along with Gmail,  Google Calendar and all products from the Google Apps Suite on July 7,  2009.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-appsoutofbeta_144-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-appsoutofbeta-144">[145]</a></sup></b><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Enterprise_products">Enterprise products</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 172px;"><b><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Google_Appliance.jpg"><img alt="Google's search appliance" class="thumbimage" height="271" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Google_Appliance.jpg/170px-Google_Appliance.jpg" width="170" /></a> </b><br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Google_Appliance.jpg" title="Enlarge"><b><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></b></a></div><b> Google's search appliance at the 2008 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_Conference" title="RSA Conference">RSA Conference</a></b></div></div></div><b>Google entered the enterprise market in February 2002 with the launch of its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search_Appliance" title="Google Search Appliance">Google Search Appliance</a>, targeted toward providing search technology for larger organizations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-milestones_29-5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-milestones-29">[30]</a></sup> Google launched the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Mini" title="Google Mini">Mini</a>  three years later, which was targeted at smaller organizations. Late in  2006, Google began to sell Custom Search Business Edition, providing  customers with an advertising-free window into Google.com's index. The  service was renamed Google Site Search in 2008.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-csbe2gss_157-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-csbe2gss-157">[158]</a></sup></b><br />
<b>Another one of Google's enterprise products is Google Apps Premier  Edition. The service, and its accompanying Google Apps Education Edition  and Standard Edition, allow companies, schools, and other organizations  to bring Google's online applications, such as Gmail and Google  Documents, into its own domain. The Premier Edition specifically  includes extras over the Standard Edition such as more disk space, API  access, and premium support, and it costs $50 per user per year. A large  implementation of Google Apps with 38,000 users is at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakehead_University" title="Lakehead University">Lakehead University</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Bay" title="Thunder Bay">Thunder Bay</a>, Ontario, Canada. In the same year Google Apps was launched, Google acquired <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postini" title="Postini">Postini</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-158"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-158">[159]</a></sup> and proceeded to integrate the company's security technologies into Google Apps<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-159"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-159">[160]</a></sup> under the name Google Postini Services.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-160"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-160">[161]</a></sup></b><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_products">Other products</span></h3><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Translate" title="Google Translate">Google Translate</a> is a server-side <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">machine translation</a>  service, which can translate between 35 different languages. Browser  extensions allow for easy access to Google Translate from the browser.  The software uses <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_linguistics" title="Corpus linguistics">corpus linguistics</a> techniques, where the program "learns" from professionally translated documents, specifically UN and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> proceedings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-161"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-161">[162]</a></sup>  Furthermore, a "suggest a better translation" feature accompanies the  translated text, allowing users to indicate where the current  translation is incorrect or otherwise inferior to another translation.</b><br />
<b>Google launched its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_News" title="Google News">Google News</a>  service in 2002. The site proclaimed that the company had created a  "highly unusual" site that "offers a news service compiled solely by  computer algorithms without human intervention. Google employs no  editors, managing editors, or executive editors."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-162"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-162">[163]</a></sup>  The site hosted less licensed news content than Yahoo! News, and  instead presented topically selected links to news and opinion pieces  along with reproductions of their headlines, story leads, and  photographs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-163"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-163">[164]</a></sup>  The photographs are typically reduced to thumbnail size and placed next  to headlines from other news sources on the same topic in order to  minimize copyright infringement claims. Nevertheless, Agence France  Presse sued Google for copyright infringement in federal court in the  District of Columbia, a case which Google settled for an undisclosed  amount in a pact that included a license of the full text of AFP  articles for use on Google News.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-164"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-164">[165]</a></sup></b><br />
<b>In 2006, Google made a bid to offer free wireless broadband access throughout the city of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> along with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service provider</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EarthLink" title="EarthLink">EarthLink</a>. Large telecommunications companies such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comcast" title="Comcast">Comcast</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon" title="Verizon">Verizon</a>  opposed such efforts, claiming it was "unfair competition" and that  cities would be violating their commitments to offer local monopolies to  these companies. In his testimony before Congress on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_neutrality" title="Network neutrality">network neutrality</a> in 2006, Google's Chief Internet Evangelist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a> blamed such tactics on the fact that nearly half of all consumers lack meaningful choice in broadband providers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-165"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-165">[166]</a></sup> Google currently offers free wi-fi access in its hometown of Mountain View, California.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-166"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-166">[167]</a></sup></b><br />
<b>One year later, reports surfaced that Google was planning the release of its own mobile phone, possibly a competitor to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-smith_167-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-smith-167">[168]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-orlowski_168-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-orlowski-168">[169]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ricker_169-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-ricker-169">[170]</a></sup> The project, called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_%28operating_system%29" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, turned out not to be a phone but an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> for mobile devices, which Google acquired and then released as an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a> project under the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache 2.0 license</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-170"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-170">[171]</a></sup> Google provides a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development_kit" title="Software development kit">software development kit</a> for developers so applications can be created to be run on Android-based phone. In September 2008, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile" title="T-Mobile">T-Mobile</a> released the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Mobile_G1" title="T-Mobile G1">G1</a>, the first Android-based phone.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-171"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-171">[172]</a></sup> More than a year later on January 5, 2010, Google released an Android phone under its own company name called the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexus_One" title="Nexus One">Nexus One</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-172"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-172">[173]</a></sup></b><br />
<b>Other projects Google has worked on include a new collaborative  communication service, a web browser, and even a mobile operating  system. The first of these was first announced on May 27, 2009. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Wave" title="Google Wave">Google Wave</a>  was described as a product that helps users communicate and collaborate  on the web. The service is Google's "email redesigned", with realtime  editing, the ability to embed audio, video, and other media, and  extensions that further enhance the communication experience. Google  Wave was previously in a developer's preview, where interested users had  to be invited to test the service, but was released to the general  public on May 19, 2010, at Google's I/O keynote. On September 1, 2008,  Google pre-announced the upcoming availability of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a>, an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-173"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-173">[174]</a></sup> which was then released on September 2, 2008. The next year, on July 7, 2009, Google announced <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome_OS" title="Google Chrome OS">Google Chrome OS</a>, an open source <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux-based</a> operating system that includes only a web browser and is designed to log users into their Google account.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-174"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-174">[175]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-175"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-175">[176]</a></sup></b><br />
<b>In 2011, Google announced that it will unveil <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Wallet" title="Google Wallet">Google Wallet</a>, a mobile application for wireless payments.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-176"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-176">[177]</a></sup></b><br />
<b>In late June 2011, Google soft launched a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">social networking service</a> called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%2B" title="Google+">Google+</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-177"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-177">[178]</a></sup>  On 14 July 2011, Google announced that Google+ had reached 10 million  users just two weeks after it was launched in this "limited" trial  phase.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Google.2B_grows_to_10_million_users_178-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Google.2B_grows_to_10_million_users-178">[179]</a></sup> After four weeks in operation, it had reached 25 million users.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-179"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-179">[180]</a></sup></b><br />
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Corporate_affairs_and_culture">Corporate affairs and culture</span></h2><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"><b><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schmidt-Brin-Page-20080520.jpg"><img alt="Eric Schmidt, Sergey Brin, and Larry Page sitting together" class="thumbimage" height="165" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Schmidt-Brin-Page-20080520.jpg/220px-Schmidt-Brin-Page-20080520.jpg" width="220" /></a> </b><br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schmidt-Brin-Page-20080520.jpg" title="Enlarge"><b><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></b></a></div><b> Then-CEO, now Chairman of Google <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Schmidt" title="Eric Schmidt">Eric Schmidt</a> with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Brin" title="Sergey Brin">Sergey Brin</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Page" title="Larry Page">Larry Page</a> (left to right) in 2008.</b></div></div></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 132px;"><b><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noogler.png"><img alt="Asian man in his twenties wearing a blue, green, yellow and red propellor hat that says "Noogle"" class="thumbimage" height="188" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Noogler.png/130px-Noogler.png" width="130" /></a> </b><br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noogler.png" title="Enlarge"><b><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></b></a></div><b> New employees are called "Nooglers," and are given a propeller beanie hat to wear at their first <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGIF" title="TGIF">TGIF</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-180"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-180">[181]</a></sup></b></div></div></div><b>Google is known for having an informal corporate culture. On <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_%28magazine%29" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a></i> magazine's list of best companies to work for, Google ranked first in 2007 and 2008<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-best_company_181-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-best_company-181">[182]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-182"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-182">[183]</a></sup> and fourth in 2009 and 2010.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-183"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-183">[184]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-184"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-184">[185]</a></sup>  Google was also nominated in 2010 to be the world’s most attractive  employer to graduating students in the Universum Communications talent  attraction index.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-185"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-185">[186]</a></sup>  Google's corporate philosophy embodies such casual principles as "you  can make money without doing evil," "you can be serious without a suit,"  and "work should be challenging and the challenge should be fun."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-186"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-186">[187]</a></sup></b><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Employees">Employees</span></h3><b>Google's stock performance following its initial public offering has  enabled many early employees to be competitively compensated.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-shinalj_187-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-shinalj-187">[188]</a></sup>  After the company's IPO, founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page and CEO  Eric Schmidt requested that their base salary be cut to $1. Subsequent  offers by the company to increase their salaries have been turned down,  primarily because their main compensation continues to come from owning  stock in Google. Before 2004, Schmidt was making $250,000 per year, and  Page and Brin each earned a salary of $150,000.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-topsalaries_188-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-topsalaries-188">[189]</a></sup></b><br />
<b>In 2007 and through early 2008, several top executives left Google.  In October 2007, former chief financial officer of YouTube Gideon Yu  joined Facebook<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-189"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-189">[190]</a></sup> along with Benjamin Ling, a high-ranking engineer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-190"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-190">[191]</a></sup> In March 2008, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheryl_Sandberg" title="Sheryl Sandberg">Sheryl Sandberg</a>, then vice-president of global online sales and operations, began her position as chief operating officer of Facebook<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-191"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-191">[192]</a></sup>  while Ash ElDifrawi, formerly head of brand advertising, left to become  chief marketing officer of Netshops, an online retail company that was  renamed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayneedle" title="Hayneedle">Hayneedle</a> in 2009.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-192"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-192">[193]</a></sup> On April 4, 2011 Larry Page became CEO and Eric Schmidt became Executive Chairman of Google.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-193"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-193">[194]</a></sup></b><br />
<b><span id="Innovation_Time_Off"></span>As a motivation technique,  Google uses a policy often called Innovation Time Off, where Google  engineers are encouraged to spend 20% of their work time on projects  that interest them. Some of Google's newer services, such as Gmail,  Google News, Orkut, and AdSense originated from these independent  endeavors.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-194"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-194">[195]</a></sup> In a talk at Stanford University, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marissa_Mayer" title="Marissa Mayer">Marissa Mayer</a>,  Google's Vice President of Search Products and User Experience, showed  that half of all new product launches at the time had originated from  the Innovation Time Off.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-195"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-195">[196]</a></sup></b><br />
<b>On March 2011, consulting firm Universum released data that Google  ranks the first on list of ideal employers by nearly 25 percent chosen  from more than 10,000 young professionals asked.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-196"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-196">[197]</a></sup></b><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Googleplex">Googleplex</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 242px;"><b><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Googleplexsouthsidesecondangle.jpg"><img alt="The Googleplex" class="thumbimage" height="154" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ef/Googleplexsouthsidesecondangle.jpg/240px-Googleplexsouthsidesecondangle.jpg" width="240" /></a> </b><br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Googleplexsouthsidesecondangle.jpg" title="Enlarge"><b><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></b></a></div><b> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googleplex" title="Googleplex">Googleplex</a>, Google's original and largest corporate campus</b></div></div></div><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"><b>Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googleplex" title="Googleplex">Googleplex</a></b></div><b>Google's headquarters in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California" title="Mountain View, California">Mountain View</a>, California is referred to as "the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googleplex" title="Googleplex">Googleplex</a>", a play on words on the number <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Googolplex" title="Googolplex">googolplex</a> and the headquarters itself being a complex of buildings. The lobby is decorated with a piano, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lava_lamps" title="Lava lamps">lava lamps</a>,  old server clusters, and a projection of search queries on the wall.  The hallways are full of exercise balls and bicycles. Each employee has  access to the corporate recreation center. Recreational amenities are  scattered throughout the campus and include a workout room with weights  and rowing machines, locker rooms, washers and dryers, a massage room,  assorted video games, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_football" title="Table football">table football</a>,  a baby grand piano, a billiard table, and ping pong. In addition to the  rec room, there are snack rooms stocked with various foods and drinks,  with special emphasis placed on nutrition.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-197"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-197">[198]</a></sup> Free food is available to employees 24/7, with paid vending machines <a class="new" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prorated&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Prorated (page does not exist)">prorated</a> favoring nutritional value.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-198"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-198">[199]</a></sup></b><br />
<b>In 2006, Google moved into 311,000 square feet (28,900 m<sup>2</sup>) of office space in New York City, at 111 Eighth Avenue in Manhattan.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-manhattan_199-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-manhattan-199">[200]</a></sup>  The office was specially designed and built for Google, and it now  houses its largest advertising sales team, which has been instrumental  in securing large partnerships.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-manhattan_199-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-manhattan-199">[200]</a></sup>  In 2003, they added an engineering staff in New York City, which has  been responsible for more than 100 engineering projects, including  Google Maps, Google Spreadsheets, and others. It is estimated that the  building costs Google $10 million per year to rent and is similar in  design and functionality to its Mountain View headquarters, including  table football, air hockey, and ping-pong tables, as well as a video  game area. In November 2006, Google opened offices on <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon" title="Carnegie Mellon">Carnegie Mellon</a>'s campus in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, focusing on shopping related advertisement coding and smartphone applications and programs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-200"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-200">[201]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-201"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-201">[202]</a></sup> By late 2006, Google also established a new headquarters for its AdWords division in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Arbor" title="Ann Arbor">Ann Arbor</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-202"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-202">[203]</a></sup>  Furthermore, Google has offices all around the world, and in the United  States, including Atlanta, Austin, Boulder, San Francisco, Seattle, and  Washington DC.</b><br />
<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: 242px;"><b><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PONYA_Inland_Term_1_jeh.JPG"><img alt="Google's NYC office building" class="thumbimage" height="187" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/PONYA_Inland_Term_1_jeh.JPG/240px-PONYA_Inland_Term_1_jeh.JPG" width="240" /></a> </b><br />
<div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PONYA_Inland_Term_1_jeh.JPG" title="Enlarge"><b><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></b></a></div><b> Google's NYC office building houses its largest advertising sales team.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-manhattan_199-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-manhattan-199">[200]</a></sup></b></div></div></div><b>Google is taking steps to ensure that its operations are  environmentally sound. In October 2006, the company announced plans to  install thousands of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels" title="Solar panels">solar panels</a> to provide up to 1.6 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megawatt" title="Megawatt">megawatts</a> of electricity, enough to satisfy approximately 30% of the campus' energy needs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-solar_203-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-solar-203">[204]</a></sup>  The system will be the largest solar power system constructed on a U.S.  corporate campus and one of the largest on any corporate site in the  world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-solar_203-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-solar-203">[204]</a></sup>  In addition, Google announced in 2009 that it was deploying herds of  goats to keep grassland around the Googleplex short, helping to prevent  the threat from seasonal bush fires while also reducing the carbon  footprint of mowing the extensive grounds.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-204"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-204">[205]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-205"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-205">[206]</a></sup> The idea of trimming lawns using goats originated from R. J. Widlar, an engineer who worked for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Semiconductor" title="National Semiconductor">National Semiconductor</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-206"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-206">[207]</a></sup> Despite this, Google has faced accusations in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine" title="Harper's Magazine">Harper's Magazine</a></i>  of being an "energy glutton", and was accused of employing its "Don't  be evil" motto as well as its very public energy-saving campaigns as an  attempt to cover up or make up for the massive amounts of energy its  servers actually require.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-207"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-207">[208]</a></sup></b><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Easter_eggs_and_April_Fools.27_Day_jokes">Easter eggs and April Fools' Day jokes</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"><b>Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%27s_hoaxes" title="Google's hoaxes">Google's hoaxes</a></b></div><b>Google has a tradition of creating <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools' Day</a> jokes. For example, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google%27s_hoaxes#2000" title="Google's hoaxes">Google MentalPlex</a> allegedly featured the use of mental power to search the web.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mentalplex_208-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-mentalplex-208">[209]</a></sup> In 2007, Google announced a free Internet service called <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TiSP" title="TiSP">TiSP</a>, or Toilet Internet Service Provider, where one obtained a connection by flushing one end of a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic" title="Fiber-optic">fiber-optic</a> cable down their toilet.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TiSP_209-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-TiSP-209">[210]</a></sup> Also in 2007, Google's Gmail page displayed an announcement for <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail_Paper" title="Gmail Paper">Gmail Paper</a>, allowing users to have email messages printed and shipped to them.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-gmail_paper_210-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-gmail_paper-210">[211]</a></sup> In 2008 Google announced Gmail Custom time where users could change the time that the email was sent.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-211"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-211">[212]</a></sup> In 2010, Google jokingly changed its company name to Topeka in honor of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">Topeka, Kansas</a>,  whose mayor actually changed the city's name to Google for a short  amount of time in an attempt to sway Google's decision in its new <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Fiber" title="Google Fiber">Google Fiber Project</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Google_Blog:_A_Different_Kind_of_Company_Name_212-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Google_Blog:_A_Different_Kind_of_Company_Name-212">[213]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-213"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-213">[214]</a></sup>  In 2011, Google announced Gmail Motion, an interactive way of  controlling Gmail and the computer with body movements via the user's  webcam.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-214"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-214">[215]</a></sup></b><br />
<b>In addition to April Fools' Day jokes, Google's services contain a number of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_egg_%28virtual%29" title="Easter egg (virtual)">Easter eggs</a>. For instance, Google included the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Chef" title="Swedish Chef">Swedish Chef</a>'s "Bork bork bork," <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_Latin" title="Pig Latin">Pig Latin</a>, "Hacker" or <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leetspeak" title="Leetspeak">leetspeak</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Fudd" title="Elmer Fudd">Elmer Fudd</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klingon_language" title="Klingon language">Klingon</a> as language selections for its search engine.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-215"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-215">[216]</a></sup> In addition, the search engine calculator provides the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Answer_to_the_Ultimate_Question_of_Life,_the_Universe,_and_Everything" title="Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything">Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything</a> from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Adams" title="Douglas Adams">Douglas Adams</a>' <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy" title="The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy">The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-216"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-216">[217]</a></sup>  Furthermore, when searching the word "recursion", the spell-checker's  result for the properly spelled word is exactly the same word, creating a  recursive link.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-217"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-217">[218]</a></sup>  Likewise, when searching for the word "anagram," meaning a  rearrangement of letters from one word to form other valid words,  Google's suggestion feature displays "Did you mean: nag a ram?"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-218"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-218">[219]</a></sup>  In Google Maps, searching for directions between places separated by  large bodies of water, such as Los Angeles and Tokyo, results in  instructions to "kayak across the Pacific Ocean." During FIFA World Cup  2010, search queries like "World Cup", "FIFA", etc. caused the  "Goooo...gle" page indicator at the bottom of every result page to read  "Goooo...al!" instead.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-219"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-219">[220]</a></sup></b><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle"><b>Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google.org" title="Google.org">Google.org</a></b></div><b>In 2004, Google formed the not-for-profit philanthropic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google.org" title="Google.org">Google.org</a>, with a start-up fund of $1 billion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-philanthropy_220-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-philanthropy-220">[221]</a></sup> The mission of the organization is to create awareness about <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, global public health, and global poverty. One of its first projects was to develop a viable <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_hybrid" title="Plug-in hybrid">plug-in hybrid</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicle</a> that can attain 100 miles per gallon. Google hired <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Brilliant" title="Larry Brilliant">Dr. Larry Brilliant</a> as the program's executive director in 2004<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-221"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-221">[222]</a></sup> and the current director is Megan Smith.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-222"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-222">[223]</a></sup></b><br />
<b>In 2008 Google announced its "project 10<sup>100</sup>" which accepted ideas for how to help the community and then allowed Google users to vote on their favorites.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-223"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-223">[224]</a></sup> After two years of silence, during which many wondered what had happened to the program,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-224"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-224">[225]</a></sup>  Google revealed the winners of the project, giving a total of ten  million dollars to various ideas ranging from non-profit organizations  that promote education to a website that intends to make all legal  documents public and online.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-225"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-225">[226]</a></sup></b><br />
<b>In 2011, Google donated 1 million euros to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mathematical_Olympiad" title="International Mathematical Olympiad">International Mathematical Olympiad</a> to support the next five annual International Mathematical Olympiads (2011–2015).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-226"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-226">[227]</a></sup></b><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Network_neutrality">Network neutrality</span></h3><b>Google is a noted supporter of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_neutrality" title="Network neutrality">network neutrality</a>. According to Google's <i>Guide to Net Neutrality</i>:</b><br />
<blockquote><b>Network neutrality is the principle that Internet users should be in  control of what content they view and what applications they use on the  Internet. The Internet has operated according to this neutrality  principle since its earliest days... Fundamentally, net neutrality is  about equal access to the Internet. In our view, the broadband carriers  should not be permitted to use their market power to discriminate  against competing applications or content. Just as telephone companies  are not permitted to tell consumers who they can call or what they can  say, broadband carriers should not be allowed to use their market power  to control activity online.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-227"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-227">[228]</a></sup></b></blockquote><b>On February 7, 2006, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a>, a co-inventor of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a>  (IP), and current Vice President and "Chief Internet Evangelist" at  Google, in testimony before Congress, said, "allowing broadband carriers  to control what people see and do online would fundamentally undermine  the principles that have made the Internet such a success."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-228"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-228">[229]</a></sup></b><br />
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Privacy">Privacy</span></h3><b>Eric Schmidt, Google’s chief executive, said 2007 in an interview  with the Financial Times: "The goal is to enable Google users to be able  to ask the question such as ‘What shall I do tomorrow?’ and ‘What job  shall I take?'".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-229"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-229">[230]</a></sup>  Schmidt reaffirmed this 2010 in an interview with the Wall Street  Journal: "I actually think most people don't want Google to answer their  questions, they want Google to tell them what they should be doing  next."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-230"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-230">[231]</a></sup></b><br />
<b>On December 2009, Google's CEO, Eric Schmidt, declared after privacy  concerns: "If you have something that you don't want anyone to know,  maybe you shouldn't be doing it in the first place. If you really need  that kind of privacy, the reality is that search engines – including  Google – do retain this information for some time and it's important,  for example, that we are all subject in the United States to the Patriot  Act and it is possible that all that information could be made  available to the authorities."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-231"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-231">[232]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privacy_International" title="Privacy International">Privacy International</a>  ranked Google as "Hostile to Privacy", its lowest rating on its report,  making Google the only company in the list to receive that ranking.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-232"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-232">[233]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-233"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-233">[234]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-234"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-234">[235]</a></sup></b><br />
<b>At the Techonomy conference in 2010 Eric Schmidt predicted that "true  transparency and no anonymity" is the way forward for the internet: "In  a world of asynchronous threats it is too dangerous for there not to be  some way to identify you. We need a [verified] name service for people.  Governments will demand it." He also said that "If I look at enough of  your messaging and your location, and use artificial intelligence, we  can predict where you are going to go. Show us 14 photos of yourself and  we can identify who you are. You think you don't have 14 photos of  yourself on the internet? You've got Facebook photos!"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-thinq.co.uk_235-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-thinq.co.uk-235">[236]</a></sup></b><br />
<b>The non-profit group Public Information Research launched Google  Watch, a website advertised as "a look at Google's monopoly, algorithms,  and privacy issues."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sherman_236-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-Sherman-236">[237]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-theage_237-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-theage-237">[238]</a></sup> The site raised questions relating to Google's storage of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie">cookies</a>, which in 2007 had a life span of more than 32 years and incorporated a unique ID that enabled creation of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_logger" title="Data logger">user data log</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-agger_238-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-agger-238">[239]</a></sup> Google has also faced criticism with its release of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Buzz" title="Google Buzz">Google Buzz</a>,  Google's version of social networking, where Gmail users had their  contact lists automatically made public unless they opted out.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-239"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-239">[240]</a></sup>  Google has been criticized for its censorship of certain sites in  specific countries and regions. Until March 2010, Google adhered to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China">Internet censorship policies of China</a>, enforced by means of filters known colloquially as "The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Firewall_of_China" title="Great Firewall of China">Great Firewall of China</a>".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bbc1_240-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-bbc1-240">[241]</a></sup>  There were reports in 2010 from leaked diplomatic cables that the  Chinese Politburo had hacked into Google's computers as part of a  worldwide coordinated campaign of computer sabotage carried out by  "government operatives, private security experts and Internet outlaws  recruited by the Chinese government."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-twsDecZ16aa_241-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-twsDecZ16aa-241">[242]</a></sup></b><br />
<b>Despite being highly influential in local and national public policy,  Google does not disclose its political spending online. In August 2010,  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_de_Blasio" title="Bill de Blasio">New York City Public Advocate Bill de Blasio</a> launched a national campaign urging the corporation to disclose all of its political spending.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-242"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google#cite_note-242">[243]</a></sup></b><br />
<b>During 2006–2010 Google Streetview camera cars collected about 600  gigabytes of data from users of unencrypted public and private <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>  networks in more than 30 countries. No disclosures nor privacy policy  was given to those affected, nor to the owners of the Wi-Fi stations. A  Google representative claimed that the company was not aware of its own  data collection activities until an inquiry from German regulators was  received, and that none of this data was used in Google's search engine  or other services. A representative of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_Watchdog" title="Consumer Watchdog">Consumer Watchdog</a>  replied, "Once again, Google has demonstrated a lack of concern for  privacy. Its computer engineers run amok, push the envelope and gather  whatever data they can until their fingers are caught in the cookie  jar." In a sign that legal penalties may result, Google said it will not  destroy the data until permitted by regulators.</b><br />
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<b>Source: Wikipedia and Google :-)</b></div>

Today google's 13th birthday Happy birthday to google

It began with an argument. When he first met Larry Page in the summer of 1995, Sergey Brin was a second-year grad student in the computer science department at Stanford University. Gregarious by na…

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